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Related Concept Videos

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

14.0K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
14.0K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.0K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.0K
Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

6.3K
The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
6.3K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

14.6K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
14.6K

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Rotational-state-selected Carbon Astrochemistry.

Jutta Toscano1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel. jutta.toscano@unibas.ch.

Chimia
|March 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Controlling molecular rotation significantly alters chemical reactions. New molecular beam techniques enable studying these effects, crucial for understanding interstellar chemistry and molecule formation.

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Astrochemistry
  • Molecular Dynamics

Background:

  • Molecular reactivity is influenced by rotational excitation, affecting intermolecular interactions.
  • Previous studies of rotational effects were limited by experimental selectivity.
  • Understanding interstellar chemistry requires insights into molecular reaction dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of individual quanta of rotational excitation on molecular reactivity.
  • To explore the potential of rotationally controlled molecular beams for studying chemical reactions.
  • To advance the understanding of astrochemical molecule formation in interstellar space.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing rotationally controlled molecular beam experiments.
Keywords:
Interstellar carbonQuantum-state-controlled collisionsReaction dynamics

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  • Investigating intermolecular interactions modified by rotational states.
  • Analyzing reaction pathways influenced by specific molecular rotations.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that specific rotational states markedly change molecular reactivity.
    • Showcased the capability of new molecular beam techniques for broad system applicability.
    • Provided a foundation for understanding complex molecular formation in interstellar environments.

    Conclusions:

    • Rotational excitation is a key factor in controlling chemical reactivity.
    • Rotationally controlled molecular beams offer unprecedented selectivity for reaction studies.
    • This research is vital for deciphering the origins of complex molecules in the cosmos.