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Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

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Epidemiological and biological associations between cardiovascular disease and kidney stone formation: A systematic

Luke Muschialli1, Ankith Mannath1, Shabbir H Moochhala2

  • 1UCL Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCL, London, UK.

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD
|March 2, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Individuals with kidney stones (KSF) face a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review highlights the connection, suggesting KSF may be a systemic, calcium-mediated condition.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology and Cardiology
  • Systemic Manifestations of Kidney Stones
  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Kidney stone formers (KSF) exhibit an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), a link not widely recognized by clinicians.
  • The precise biological mechanisms underlying this association remain inadequately understood.

Approach:

  • A systematic review was conducted, searching epidemiological and biological literature.
  • Analyzed data from 15 epidemiological studies encompassing over 4.2 million participants, including 230,720 KSF.
  • Extracted and discussed potential biological mechanisms from 14 biological studies.

Key Points:

  • KSF is associated with a 25% increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), a 17% increased risk of stroke/transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and a 39% increased risk of arterial disease (AD).
  • Female KSFs demonstrated a disproportionately higher risk for stroke and CAD.
  • Potential mechanisms include vascular calcification, oxidative stress (osteopontin), cholesterol pathology, and endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • A significant association exists between KSF and CVD.
  • This connection supports viewing KSF as a systemic, calcium-mediated disease.
  • Increased clinical awareness of this association is warranted.
Abstract

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseEpidemiologyKidney stonesMeta-analysisPrimary carePublic healthSystematic review

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