Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

203
Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
203
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

695
When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
695
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.0K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

654
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
654
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

300
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
300
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

979
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
979

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Validation of aerobic threshold assessment using a sweat lactate sensor during arm crank exercise by healthy adults.

Physiological reports·2026
Same author

Mapping of motor and non-motor symptoms to 12-region dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography in Parkinson's disease.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Anatomic Variations of the Zygomatic Arch: Rethinking the Indications for the Orbitozygomatic Approach.

Neurologia medico-chirurgica·2026
Same author

Performance of large language models on the Japanese cardiovascular surgery board examination: a comparative analysis of eight contemporary AI models with educational implications.

General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery·2026
Same author

Whole-brain connectome analysis for elucidating specific structural neural networks in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

Magma (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Effects of perfusion fixation on whole-brain structural connectivity in marmoset: a diffusion MRI analysis.

Radiological physics and technology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

6.4K

Restricted diffusion characteristics in oscillating gradient spin echo with mesoscopic phantom.

Hinako Oshiro1,2, Junichi Hata1,2,3,4, Daisuke Nakashima3

  • 1Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.

Heliyon
|March 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) with motion probing gradients (MPG) reveals microstructural details. Cosine waveforms in OGSE MRI detected faster diffusion at higher frequencies, independent of structure size or b-value.

Keywords:
B-value dependenceDiffusion MRIDiffusion spectrumMesoscopic phantomOscillating gradient spin echoRestricted diffusion

More Related Videos

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
09:30

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

19.6K
Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents
08:59

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Published on: April 15, 2016

6.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2025

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

6.4K
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
09:30

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

19.6K
Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents
08:59

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Published on: April 15, 2016

6.9K

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Diffusion MRI
  • Biophysical Techniques

Background:

  • Oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) enables diffusion time reduction in diffusion MRI.
  • Motion probing gradients (MPG) in OGSE alter sensitivity to spin displacement velocity.
  • OGSE can potentially detect microstructural specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate restricted diffusion characteristics of OGSE waveforms.
  • To evaluate sine and cosine OGSE waveforms using capillary phantoms.
  • To analyze the influence of b-values, frequencies, and MPG phases on diffusion measurements.

Main Methods:

  • OGSE sequences with varying b-values (300-2000 s/mm²) were applied to capillary phantoms (6-100 μm) and free water.
  • Sine and cosine waveforms were utilized on a 9.4-T MRI system.
  • Axial and radial diffusivities (AD, RD) were calculated; MPG output was analyzed via FFT.

Main Results:

  • Sine waveform showed increased sidelobe spectra with frequency, detecting differences in RD at 6 and 12 μm, but not larger structures.
  • Cosine waveform exhibited enhanced diffusion spectra and decreased central spectra with increasing frequency.
  • Cosine waveform demonstrated frequency-dependent AD and RD, increasing with frequency across all structure sizes.
  • No significant b-value dependence was observed for either waveform.

Conclusions:

  • OGSE measurements provide diffusion information comparable to pulsed gradient spin echo.
  • Cosine OGSE waveforms at higher frequencies are effective for capturing faster diffusion phenomena.
  • OGSE parameters, particularly frequency and waveform type, influence sensitivity to microstructural features.