Identifying COVID-19 subtypes by single-sample gene set enrichemnt analysis and providing guidance for sensitive drug...

This study aimed at using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis scores to cluster naso/pharyngeal swab specimen samples from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients into two clusters. One cluster with higher fractions of immune cells and more active inflammatory-related pathways was called the Immunity-High (Immunity-H) group, and the other one was called the Immunity-Low group. We explored impacts of the method on COVID-19 treatment. First, given that the Immunity-H group was mainly enriched in inflammatory-related pathways and had higher fractions of inflammatory cells, the Immunity-H group may obtain more curative effects from anti-inflammatory treatment. Second, we searched some hot genes from the PubMed platform that had been studied by researchers and found these genes upregulated in the Immunity-H group, so we speculated the Immunity-H group and Immunity-Low group may have different curative effects from drugs targeting these genes. Finally, we screened out hub genes for the Immunity-H group and predicted potential drugs for these hub genes by a public data set (http://dgidb.genome.wustl.edu). These hub genes are significantly upregulated in the Immunity-H group and neutrophils so that the Immunity-H group may obtain different treatment results from potential drugs compared with the Immunity-Low group. Therefore, the cluster method may provide help in drug development and administration for COVID-19 patients.