Long-Term Home EEG Recording: Wearable and Implantable Devices

Electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring has served as a cornerstone in the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of epilepsy since its development. This has been accomplished with short-term inpatient video-EEG hospitalization enabling observation of both the semiological and the electrographic features of seizures or with short-term home ambulatory EEG or video-EEG. The advantages of inpatient video-EEG monitoring are limited by high cost, inconvenience, and inability to monitor patients for long periods (weeks or months) as might be done in the outpatient setting. This limitation has impelled the development of wearable EEG devices, which aim to capture high-quality long-term EEG data in a user-friendly and unobtrusive manner. This review article aims to summarize three broad categories of wearable EEG devices, including scalp, subcutaneous, and intracranial EEG. In this review, we will discuss the features of each type of device and the implications for the management of epilepsy. This review does not aim to describe every wearable EEG device on the market but instead seeks to provide a broad overview of the various categories of device that are available, giving examples of each and those in development (with no intention to recommend or advocate for any particular product).