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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Transport Across the Golgi01:26

Transport Across the Golgi

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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis
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Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

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Tonicity-induced cargo loading into extracellular vesicles.

Chaeeun Lee1,2, Sumit Kumar1,2, Juhee Park2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea. ykcho@unist.ac.kr.

Lab on a Chip
|March 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces tonicity control (TC), a novel method for loading drugs into extracellular vesicles (EVs). TC enhances drug loading efficiency and maintains EV integrity for potential therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise as drug delivery vehicles.
  • Controlling EV membrane permeability for efficient cargo loading remains a challenge.
  • Maintaining EV integrity and functionality during loading is crucial for therapeutic efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, efficient, and gentle method for loading molecules into EVs.
  • To precisely control EV membrane permeability using tonicity control (TC).
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the TC method compared to traditional loading techniques.

Main Methods:

  • A lab-on-a-disc platform was utilized for the tonicity control (TC) method.
  • EVs were temporarily permeabilized using a hypotonic solution, followed by isotonic washing.
  • Loading of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox), ssDNA, and miRNA into EVs was performed using the TC approach.

Main Results:

  • The TC method demonstrated significantly higher loading yields compared to sonication (4.3-fold) and extrusion (7.2-fold).
  • TC loading preserved EV integrity and functionality.
  • Intracellular assessments confirmed the superior performance of TC-prepared miRNA-497-loaded EVs and doxorubicin-loaded EVs.

Conclusions:

  • Tonicity control (TC) offers an effective and gentle method for loading diverse cargos into extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • The TC approach improves loading efficiency and maintains EV integrity, paving the way for advanced exosome-based therapeutics.
  • Encapsulation efficiency significantly impacts therapeutic outcomes, highlighting the potential of TC for clinical applications.