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Related Concept Videos

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

185
Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical...
185
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

193
Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
193
Design of Columns under an Eccentric Load01:21

Design of Columns under an Eccentric Load

523
Designing columns to withstand eccentric loads is a critical aspect of structural engineering, ensuring structures can support off-center loads without failure. This design process must account for the additional normal stresses introduced by eccentric loading, which can significantly influence a column's stress distribution and overall stability. An eccentric load applied to a column induces normal stresses that can be conceptualized as a combination of stresses due to an equivalent...
523
Eccentric Loading01:16

Eccentric Loading

373
Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under...
373
Torsion of Noncircular Members01:16

Torsion of Noncircular Members

135
Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...
135
Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

286
One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
286

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Altered Cervical Spine Position Results in Decreased Eccentric Shoulder Rotation Strength.

Kevin Giordano1, Kyle Wasserberger2, Gretchen D Oliver3

  • 1Physical Therapy, Orthopedics, Holy Cross Hospital, Ft. Lauderdale, United States.

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|March 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Overhead athletes

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Overhead athletes experience significant shoulder demands in non-neutral cervical spine positions.
  • Eccentric shoulder strength is crucial for decelerating the arm post-throw/strike.
  • Altered cervical spine positions may impact shoulder strength and injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare eccentric shoulder rotation strength through a 90° arc.
  • To evaluate strength differences between neutral and rotated cervical spine positions.
  • To assess strength in both frontal and scapular planes.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-two healthy participants (19M, 34F) were recruited.
  • Isokinetic eccentric shoulder rotation strength was measured.
  • Testing occurred in neutral and rotated cervical spine positions, with the shoulder abducted 90° in the frontal and scapular planes.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in eccentric external and internal rotation strength were found between neutral and rotated cervical spine positions.
  • These differences varied depending on the plane of motion (frontal vs. scapular) and the degree of shoulder rotation.
  • Specific angular ranges of significant strength differences were identified for both external and internal rotation.

Conclusions:

  • Cervical spine position significantly affects eccentric shoulder rotation strength in overhead athletes.
  • Sports medicine clinicians should consider assessing shoulder strength in functional, non-neutral cervical spine positions.
  • This approach can lead to more accurate orthopedic evaluations and tailored rehabilitation programs.