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Microglia in Health and Diseases: Integrative Hubs of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Amanda Sierra1,2,3, Veronique E Miron4,5,6, Rosa C Paolicelli7
1Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Science Park of UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain amanda.sierra@achucarro.org rransohoff@thirdrockventures.com.
Abstract:
Microglia are usually referred to as "the innate immune cells of the brain," "the resident macrophages of the central nervous system" (CNS), or "CNS parenchymal macrophages." These labels allude to their inherent immune function, related to their macrophage lineage. However, beyond their classic innate immune responses, microglia also play physiological roles crucial for proper brain development and maintenance of adult brain homeostasis. Microglia sense both external and local stimuli through a variety of surface receptors. Thus, they might serve as integrative hubs at the interface between the external environment and the CNS, able to decode, filter, and buffer cues from outside, with the aim of preserving and maintaining brain homeostasis. In this perspective, we will cast a critical look at how these multiple microglial functions are acquired and coordinated, and we will speculate on their impact on human brain physiology and pathology.
Insights
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, do more than fight infection. They are vital for brain development and maintaining balance, integrating external cues to preserve central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis.
Area of Science:
- Neuroimmunology
- Cellular Neuroscience
Background:
- Microglia are recognized as the central nervous system's (CNS) resident macrophages, primarily involved in innate immunity.
- Beyond immune functions, microglia play critical roles in brain development and maintaining adult brain homeostasis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically examine the acquisition and coordination of diverse microglial functions.
- To explore the impact of these functions on human brain physiology and pathology.
Main Methods:
- Review and synthesis of current literature on microglial biology.
- Analysis of microglial sensing mechanisms and their role as integrative hubs.
Main Results:
- Microglia possess multifaceted roles extending beyond innate immunity.
- They act as crucial sensors and integrators of environmental and local stimuli.
- These functions are essential for neurodevelopment and maintaining CNS homeostasis.
Conclusions:
- Microglia are key players in brain homeostasis, development, and response to environmental cues.
- Understanding their coordinated functions is crucial for addressing human brain physiology and pathology.
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