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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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High methane ebullition throughout one year in a regulated central European stream.

Tamara Michaelis1, Felicitas Kaplar1, Thomas Baumann1

  • 1TUM School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Hydrogeology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

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Methane (CH4) ebullition from riverbeds is a significant greenhouse gas source. This study shows ebullitive methane fluxes were larger than diffusive fluxes, especially in winter, highlighting ebullition

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Aquatic sediments release potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) via ebullition.
  • Estimates of CH4 emissions and the role of ebullition are poorly constrained.
  • Direct, year-round measurements of CH4 ebullition from streams are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Quantify year-round methane (CH4) ebullition from a small stream.
  • Compare ebullitive and diffusive CH4 fluxes.
  • Investigate factors influencing CH4 ebullition.

Main Methods:

  • Installed four gas traps across a river bend to capture ebullitive CH4.
  • Estimated diffusive CH4 fluxes from sediment concentration gradients and surface water.
  • Utilized stable isotope fractionation to assess CH4 oxidation.

Main Results:

  • Highest CH4 ebullition rates (over 1000 ml m-2 d-1) occurred in the stream center.
  • Sustained ebullition was observed during winter months.
  • Ebullitive CH4 fluxes were greater than diffusive fluxes.
  • 12-44% of diffusively transported CH4 was oxidized.
  • Temporal CH4 flux variations were poorly explained by environmental predictors.

Conclusions:

  • Ebullition is a dominant pathway for CH4 transport from this riverbed.
  • Stream center ebullition may be linked to enhanced carbon supply and sediment permeability.
  • Winter conditions support significant CH4 ebullition.
  • Further research is needed to understand drivers of CH4 ebullition variability.