Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

29
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
29
Relationship Formation02:12

Relationship Formation

40.0K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
40.0K
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

348
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
348
Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

14.7K
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
14.7K
Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks01:21

Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

194
Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks is a nonparametric test designed to identify differences across multiple test attempts when traditional assumptions of normality and equal variances do not apply. Unlike conventional ANOVA, which requires normally distributed data with equal variances, Friedman's test is ideal for ordinal or non-normally distributed data, making it particularly useful for analyzing dependent samples, such as matched subjects over time or repeated measures...
194
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.3K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tracking affordances requires a sophisticated model of life stages, phases, and transitions.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same author

Understanding and transcending "p" requires a functional model of psychopathology: Commentary on Caspi et al. (2026).

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science·2026
Same author

It's bigger on the inside: mapping the black box of motivation.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2025
Same author

Reply to Darlow and Gray: Censorship is exclusion.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

Sodium acetate increases the productivity of HEK293 cells expressing the ECD-Her1 protein in batch cultures: experimental results and metabolic flux analysis.

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology·2024
Same author

Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A perspective and research agenda.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

731

Statistical indices of masculinity-femininity: A theoretical and practical framework.

Marco Del Giudice1

  • 1University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, Italy. marco.delgiudice@units.it.

Behavior Research Methods
|March 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a framework for statistical masculinity-femininity (M-F) indices, detailing four types and their properties. It offers guidance for researchers and an R function for calculating M-F indices from empirical data.

Keywords:
Gender diagnosticityMasculinity-femininityMeasurement errorMultivariate analysisSex differences

More Related Videos

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
07:40

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

762

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

731
Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
07:40

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

762

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Statistics
  • Human Biology

Background:

  • Masculinity-femininity (M-F) indices are used to quantify individual differences in sex-related traits.
  • A systematic review of the meaning, relations, and psychometric properties of various M-F indices is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an integrative theoretical framework for statistical assessment of M-F indices.
  • To provide practical guidance for researchers applying M-F assessment methods.
  • To describe and compare four basic types of M-F indices: sex-directionality, sex-typicality, sex-probability, and sex-centrality.

Main Methods:

  • Described four types of M-F indices and their variations.
  • Examined similarities, differences, and computational alternatives.
  • Discussed the impact of measurement error and potential remedies.
  • Illustrated concepts with real-world datasets (body morphology, brain morphology, personality).

Main Results:

  • Presented a theoretical framework for statistical M-F assessment.
  • Detailed four distinct types of M-F indices.
  • Provided practical guidance and an R function for calculating M-F indices.
  • Demonstrated application with diverse empirical data.

Conclusions:

  • The study offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and applying statistical M-F indices.
  • Researchers are equipped with methods and tools to assess M-F dimensions more rigorously.
  • The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of sex-related individual differences in various domains.