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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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When placed in an external electric field, a dielectric material gets polarized. The charge density in the dielectric material is given by the sum of the bound and free charge densities, while the total charge density can also be written in terms of the total electric field. The bound charge density can be measured in terms of polarization, leading to the relationship between electric displacement and polarization.
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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Computer Graphics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Indoor light-matter interactions cause significant depolarization, yet polarization attributes offer valuable information for applications like physics-based rendering.
    • Existing polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (pBRDFs) for indoor materials often use look-up tables or incoherently combine optical models, complicating analysis.
    • Closed-form pBRDF representations are desirable for their ease of use in forward and inverse problems, but current models struggle with accurate depolarization modeling.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel, closed-form pBRDF representation that coherently combines Fresnel reflection and diffuse polarization terms.
    • To develop a pBRDF model that accurately accounts for depolarization in indoor materials without affecting the depolarization characteristics.
    • To validate the new pBRDF representation against experimental polarimetric measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • A new pBRDF representation was developed by coherently combining first-surface Fresnel reflection and diffuse polarization using Jones calculus.
    • An analytic function was used to combine reflection terms, incorporating scattering geometry and geometry-independent material parameters.
    • The model was tested using linear Stokes images of a 3D printed sphere, estimating the geometry-dependent depolarization parameter.

    Main Results:

    • The new pBRDF model accurately represents depolarization, requiring only six physically meaningful parameters, including a single depolarization parameter from a triply-degenerate (TD) model.
    • Experimental validation showed geometry-averaged errors of 4.2% at 662 nm and 11.7% at 451 nm for the depolarization parameter, inversely proportional to albedo and depolarization.
    • The model's robustness was demonstrated by comparing measured and extrapolated Mueller images of a Stanford bunny, confirming its applicability to depolarization-dominant materials.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed pBRDF representation offers a significant advancement in modeling light-matter interactions, particularly depolarization, in indoor environments.
    • The coherent combination of optical terms and the simplified depolarization model provide a more accurate and computationally efficient approach for rendering and polarimetric analysis.
    • The TD-MM model is suitable for depolarization-dominant materials, paving the way for improved physics-based rendering and shape-from-polarization applications.