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WHIRLY protein functions in plants.

Rachel E Taylor1, Christopher E West1, Christine H Foyer2

  • 1Faculty of Biological Sciences The Centre for Plant Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK.

Food and Energy Security
|March 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

WHIRLY (WHY) proteins are crucial for plant stress tolerance and crop yield. This review details their nuclear and organelle functions, highlighting their potential for improving crops in a changing climate.

Keywords:
DNA damagechloroplastshomologous recombinationmitochondrianucleuspathogenesis‐related genes

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Environmental stresses threaten global food security.
  • WHIRLY (WHY) proteins are essential DNA-binding proteins involved in plant stress responses.
  • Understanding WHY protein functions is key to crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of WHIRLY (WHY) protein functions in plant nuclei and organelles.
  • To highlight the roles of WHY proteins in plant development and stress responses.
  • To identify WHY proteins as targets for enhancing crop stress tolerance and yield sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on WHIRLY (WHY) proteins.
  • Analysis of protein localization, nuclear transcription factor activity, and organelle roles.
  • Discussion of homologous recombination and DNA/RNA metabolism functions.

Main Results:

  • WHY1 and WHY2 proteins act as nuclear transcription factors regulating phytohormone synthesis and stress responses.
  • WHY proteins are vital for organelle genome stability, homologous recombination, and DNA/RNA metabolism.
  • Evidence suggests flexible localization and overlapping functions, including retrograde signaling between organelles and the nucleus.

Conclusions:

  • WHIRLY (WHY) proteins play multifaceted roles in plant development and stress adaptation.
  • Further research into their flexible localization and signaling roles is warranted.
  • WHY proteins represent promising targets for breeding climate-resilient crops with enhanced stress tolerance and sustainable yields.