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Related Concept Videos

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Emergent microenvironments of nucleoli.

Matthew R King1, Kiersten M Ruff1, Rohit V Pappu1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus, MO, USA.

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)
|March 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The nucleolus has three distinct sub-phases: fibrillar center (FC), dense fibrillar component (DFC), and granular component (GC). Molecular grammars and territorial organization of macromolecules shape emergent physicochemical properties within these phases.

Keywords:
Biomolecular condensatesemergent propertiesnucleoluspH gradientsphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The nucleolus in higher eukaryotes is a complex organelle with at least three distinct sub-phases: the fibrillar center (FC), dense fibrillar component (DFC), and granular component (GC).
  • These sub-phases are crucial for various cellular functions, most notably ribosome biogenesis.
  • Understanding the composition and organization of these sub-phases is key to deciphering nucleolar functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in profiling the compositional makeup of nucleolar sub-phases.
  • To elucidate how compositional biases and macromolecular organization contribute to emergent physicochemical properties.
  • To introduce the concept of a 'barcode' of emergent physicochemical properties for nucleoli.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on nucleolar sub-phase composition profiling.
  • Analysis of molecular grammars, including protein sequence features, substrate binding domains, and intrinsically disordered regions.
  • Examination of macromolecular territorial organization within nucleolar compartments.

Main Results:

  • Compositional biases and territorial organization of macromolecules dictate emergent physicochemical properties within nucleolar sub-phases.
  • Molecular grammars, encompassing protein sequence features and multivalence, play a significant role in shaping these properties.
  • A conceptual framework, the 'barcode' of emergent physicochemical properties, is proposed for nucleoli.

Conclusions:

  • The unique microenvironments within nucleolar sub-phases are critical for controlling biochemical reactions.
  • Further research is needed to fully define the nucleolar 'barcode' and uncover undiscovered emergent properties.
  • This framework enhances our understanding of how nucleolar structure dictates function.