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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Maternal-driven immune education in offspring.

Krist Antunes Fernandes1, Ai Ing Lim1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|March 6, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal exposures during pregnancy and lactation shape offspring immunity. This maternal-driven immune education helps offspring develop lifelong protection against infection and inflammation.

Keywords:
hygiene hypothesisimmune educationinfectionmaternal‐offspringmicrobiotatissue memory

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Offspring immunity is significantly influenced by maternal environmental exposures during critical developmental windows.
  • These windows, from gestation through lactation, are crucial for establishing long-term immune function.
  • Proper immune system development relies on early environmental inputs that may not be re-engageable once closed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which maternal exposures impact offspring immunity.
  • To explore the concept of maternal-driven immune education.
  • To highlight the importance of maternal factors in shaping offspring immune fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on maternal exposures (pathogens, diet, microbiota) and their effects on offspring immunity.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of maternal-offspring immune crosstalk.
  • Discussion of the role of transient maternal infections in immune education.

Main Results:

  • Maternal exposures transfer antibodies, alter the maternal microbiome, and provide immune cells and cytokines to offspring.
  • Transient maternal infections during pregnancy can offer tissue-specific immune education.
  • The maternal microbiome and its metabolites play a key role in immune programming.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal exposures during critical windows are essential for developing offspring immunity.
  • A 'maternal-driven immune education' hypothesis explains how offspring gain immune fitness from maternal encounters.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform strategies to enhance offspring long-term immunity.