Endogenous Interfacial Mo-C/N-Mo-S Bonding Regulates the Active Mo Sites for Maximized Li⁺ Storage Areal Capacity

Active sites, mass loading, and Li-ion diffusion coefficient are the benchmarks for boosting the areal capacity and storage capability of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, simultaneously modulating these criteria to achieve high areal capacity in LIBs remains challenging. Herein, MoS₂ is considered as a suitable electroactive host material for reversible Li-ion storage and establish an endogenous multi-heterojunction strategy with interfacial Mo-C/N-Mo-S coordination bonding that enables the concurrent regulation of these benchmarks. This strategy involves architecting 3D integrated conductive nanostructured frameworks composed of Mo₂C-MoN@MoS₂ on carbon cloth (denoted as C/MMMS) and refining the sluggish kinetics in the MoS₂-based anodes. Benefiting from the rich hetero-interface active sites, optimized Li adsorption energy, and low diffusion barrier, C/MMMS reaches a mass loading of 12.11 mg cm^-2 and showcases high areal capacity and remarkable rate capability of 9.6 mAh cm^-2@0.4 mA cm^-2 and 2.7 mAh cm^-2@6.0 mA cm^-2, respectively, alongside excellent stability after 500 electrochemical cycles. Moreover, this work not only affirms the outstanding performance of the optimized C/MMMS as an anode material for supercapacitors, underscoring its bifunctionality but also offers valuable insight into developing endogenous transition metal compound electrodes with high mass loading for the next-generation high areal capacity energy storage devices.