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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Small Group Process and Outcome Research Highlights: A 25-Year Perspective.

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    Group psychotherapy is a proven treatment for many mental health conditions, with strong evidence linking cohesion to successful outcomes. Research over 25 years shows its effectiveness across diverse disorders.

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    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Psychiatry
    • Group Dynamics

    Background:

    • Group psychotherapy has evolved significantly over the past 25 years.
    • Research has explored various facets of small group processes, including group-as-a-whole dynamics, interpersonal relations, subgroups, individual member characteristics, and leader perspectives.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize major research findings in group psychotherapy over the last 25 years.
    • To highlight key findings on small group processes and their impact on therapeutic outcomes.
    • To review the empirical evidence supporting group therapy for a wide range of psychiatric and medical conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of major research findings from the past 25 years.
    • Analysis of studies focusing on small group process dynamics.
    • Examination of research on cohesion and its correlation with therapeutic outcomes.
    • Review of efficacy studies for various theoretical orientations and specific disorders.

    Main Results:

    • Cohesion is a critical factor, showing a significant correlation with successful therapeutic outcomes.
    • Group therapy is an empirically supported treatment for numerous psychiatric disorders.
    • Evidence supports the efficacy of group therapy for conditions including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance-related disorders, trauma-related disorders, and severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder.
    • Group therapy demonstrates outcome equivalence to individual therapy for many conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Group psychotherapy is a well-established and effective treatment modality.
    • Recent advances hold promise for the future development and application of group therapy over the next 25 years.