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Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay
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Study on Biofilm Formation Among Enterococcus Isolates and Association With Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns.

Pooja Nair1, Sathish Sankar2, P Neelusree1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND.

Cureus
|March 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Enterococci, common gut bacteria, are increasingly causing hospital infections due to antibiotic resistance. This study found Enterococcus faecalis strains show high resistance to common antibiotics but lower biofilm formation.

Keywords:
antibiotic resistancebiofilmdentaldiseaseenterococcus faecalisenterococcus faeciumenterococcus gallinarumhealthmedicalwell-being

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Enterococci are normal human intestinal flora.
  • They are a leading cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections.
  • Antibiotic resistance and virulence make enterococci successful pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess biofilm formation in clinical enterococci isolates.
  • To determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of these strains.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical samples were collected from patients over six months.
  • Enterococcus species were identified using biochemical tests.
  • Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and microtiter plate assays.

Main Results:

  • Ninety Enterococcus species were isolated: 70% Enterococcus faecalis, 28% Enterococcus faecium, and 2% Enterococcus gallinarum.
  • Enterococcus faecalis showed higher resistance rates than other species.
  • High resistance was observed against penicillin (47%), ampicillin (43%), high-level gentamicin (39%), and ciprofloxacin (36%).
  • Some strains also exhibited resistance to vancomycin and linezolid.

Conclusions:

  • Enterococcus faecalis demonstrates increasing antimicrobial resistance.
  • This species exhibits lower biofilm conformation compared to other enterococci.
  • The findings highlight concerns regarding Enterococcus faecalis in hospital-acquired infections.