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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

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The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
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Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

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Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
This one-way system allows fluids, solutes, and even pathogens to enter but prevents their return to the intercellular...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
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Heart Valves01:16

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
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Developmental progression of lymphatic valve morphology and function.

Michael J Davis1, Scott D Zawieja1, Ying Yang2

  • 1Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|March 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Lymphatic valves (LVs) develop in four stages. Researchers found that LVs become functional and prevent backflow between stages 3 and 4, challenging previous assumptions about their development.

Keywords:
3D imageProx1annulusback leakcommissureconfocal reconstructionleafletvalve function

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Lymphatic System Research

Background:

  • Bileaflet valves in lymphatic vessels and veins ensure unidirectional flow, crucial for physiological function.
  • Valve development is understood in four stages, but the functional competence of lymphatic valves (LVs) remains unclear.
  • A functional stage for LVs, presumed to be stage 4, is not definitively established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental stages and functional competence of lymphatic valves (LVs).
  • To determine when LVs acquire the ability to prevent backflow.
  • To visualize the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of developing LVs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetically modified mouse models (Prox1CreER:Foxo1 and Foxc2CreER:Foxo1) with a Prox1eGFP reporter to induce and visualize new LVs.
  • Dissected and cannulated mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels for ex vivo functional assessment under pressurized conditions.
  • Employed confocal microscopy and Z-stack reconstructions for high-resolution imaging and quantitative backleak testing of LVs at various developmental stages.

Main Results:

  • Lymphatic valves (LVs) at stages 1-3 demonstrated complete leakiness under elevated outflow pressure.
  • Stage 4 valves were generally non-leaky, though integrity varied based on the Cre line used.
  • An intermediate stage (3.5), characterized by a second commissure without proper alignment, showed significant resistance to backleak.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first 3D visualization of developing lymphatic valves (LVs).
  • Lymphatic valve (LV) competence, or the ability to prevent backflow, is acquired between developmental stages 3 and 4.
  • These findings refine the understanding of lymphatic valve development and functional maturation.