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Functional separators are key to improving lithium metal batteries (LMBs) by addressing dendrite formation and cathode degradation, enhancing coulombic efficiency and cycling life for next-generation energy storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) offer high energy density but face challenges like dendrite formation and poor cycling stability.
  • Separator modification is a promising strategy to overcome these limitations within existing LMB architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review functional separators designed to address critical issues in LMBs, focusing on both anode and cathode challenges.
  • To summarize strategies for mitigating dendrite growth and cathode degradation through advanced separator designs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on functional separators for LMBs.
  • Classification of separators based on their function (anode protection, cathode stabilization, safety enhancement).
  • Analysis of mechanisms like lithiophilic layers, ion channels, interphase formation, impurity scavenging, and shuttle effect inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Functional separators can suppress lithium dendrite growth via lithiophilic coatings and uniform ion transport.
  • Separators can stabilize the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer through active agent release.
  • Strategies are presented to prevent cathode degradation by scavenging acidic impurities, capturing transition metals, and inhibiting polysulfide shuttling.
  • Flame-retardant and multifunctional separators are discussed for enhanced safety and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Functional separators are crucial for advancing LMB technology by tackling key degradation pathways.
  • The development of advanced separators is essential for realizing the full potential of high-energy-density LMBs.
  • The principles of functional separator design may extend to other battery chemistries, indicating broad applicability.