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Related Concept Videos

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan

Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
MRI
MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues. This technology provides a more detailed diagnostic image than CT scans, enabling it to characterize pulmonary nodules, stage bronchogenic carcinoma, and evaluate inflammatory activity in...
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Millimeter wave-based patient setup verification and motion tracking during radiotherapy.

Max Bressler1, Jingxuan Zhu1, Joshua Olick-Gibson2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Medical Physics
|March 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Low-cost mmWave radar offers a non-ionizing solution for radiotherapy patient monitoring. This study validates its use for precise position verification and motion tracking, achieving millimeter accuracy even through obstructions.

Keywords:
CZT algorithmmmWave radarmotion trackingpatient motion

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology
  • Radar Systems Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate patient positioning and motion monitoring are crucial for effective radiotherapy (RT).
  • Current methods using visible light or X-rays have limitations, including inability to penetrate obstructions or requiring additional radiation.
  • Millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar presents a low-cost, non-ionizing alternative for continuous patient monitoring during RT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mmWave radars for position verification.
  • To assess the capability of mmWave radar for motion tracking during RT delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 77 GHz FMCW mmWave module for data acquisition.
  • Developed a Chirp Z Transform (CZT)-based algorithm for processing intermediate frequency (IF) signals.
  • Evaluated absolute distance and relative displacement accuracy using Solid Water slabs and human-shaped phantoms, with and without obstructions.

Main Results:

  • The mmWave radar with CZT algorithm achieved 1 mm absolute distance accuracy to a simulated human body surface without obstruction.
  • Accuracy within 3.5 mm (worst case 5 mm) was maintained through obstructive materials.
  • Submillimeter displacement accuracy was achieved, outperforming the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm; Surface-to-Skin Distance (SSD) accuracy was within 8 mm anteriorly.

Conclusions:

  • The mmWave radar system, enhanced by the CZT algorithm, accurately measures distances to flat surfaces within 1 mm.
  • Challenges remain in achieving consistent accuracy for uneven, human-shaped surfaces, with measurements up to 8 mm at certain angles.
  • Further advancements are needed to enhance SSD measurement accuracy for non-flat surfaces using mmWave radar technology.