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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Regulatory RNAs in immunosenescence.

Atefe Ghamar Talepoor1,2, Mehrnoosh Doroudchi1

  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Immunity, Inflammation and Disease
|March 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a crucial role in immunosenescence. These noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate immune cell function and inflammation during aging.

Keywords:
agingimmunosenescenceinflammagingnoncoding RNAregulatory RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Immunosenescence involves immune system deterioration due to various stressors.
  • Genomic and epigenomic changes accompany immunosenescence.
  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as regulators of immunosenescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in immunosenescence.
  • To evaluate the impact of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs on immune aging.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of publications on regulatory RNAs and immunosenescence.
  • Focus on diverse aspects of immunosenescence influenced by ncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs regulate immunosenescence at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
  • These ncRNAs control gene expression, senescence phenotype, and inflammation.
  • Specific ncRNAs like miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs are key players.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory RNAs are central to the complex process of immunosenescence.
  • Understanding ncRNA function in immune cells enhances knowledge of aging.
  • ncRNAs offer potential targets for interventions in age-related immune decline.