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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans
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How calorie restriction slows aging: an epigenetic perspective.

Gyeong Min Lim1,2, Nagarajan Maharajan3, Gwang-Won Cho4,5,6

  • 1Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|March 8, 2024
PubMed
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Caloric restriction promotes longevity and healthy aging by maintaining genomic stability and influencing epigenetic modifications. Understanding these mechanisms is key to slowing the aging process and preserving cellular identity.

Keywords:
AgingCaloric restrictionChromosome stabilityEpigeneticSirt1

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology and Aging Research

Background:

  • Genomic instability and epigenetic alterations are key drivers of aging.
  • Age-related changes like heterochromatin loss and reduced DNA methylation contribute to disease and instability.
  • Maintaining genomic integrity and cellular identity is vital for healthy aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how caloric restriction (CR) promotes longevity and healthy aging.
  • To explore the role of CR in maintaining genomic stability and epigenetic alterations.
  • To highlight CR's effectors in modulating chromatin-based barriers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on caloric restriction, aging, epigenetics, and genomic stability.
  • Analysis of research linking CR to longevity and healthspan across species.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms underlying CR's effects on chromatin and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Caloric restriction is a well-established intervention for promoting longevity and healthy aging.
  • CR positively impacts genomic stability and epigenetic modifications, counteracting age-related decline.
  • CR's beneficial effects are mediated through modulation of chromatin structure and gene regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Caloric restriction is a powerful tool for enhancing healthspan and lifespan.
  • Epigenetic regulation and genomic stability are critical targets for anti-aging interventions.
  • Further research into CR's molecular effectors can unlock new strategies for aging intervention.