Internal phosphorus loading in a chain of eutrophic hardwater lakes in Saskatchewan, Canada

Sediments can act as a source or sink of phosphorus (P) for the water column of lakes. In iron (Fe)-rich softwater lakes, redox processes are important contributors to sediment P flux. However, the contribution of redox processes to P flux in hardwater lakes, with high pH and high concentrations of redox-insensitive calcium (Ca) is unknown. Intact sediment cores, collected in different seasons (summer or fall) from a chain of eutrophic hardwater lakes in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, were used to quantify sediment P fluxes in laboratory incubations under hypoxic or oxic conditions at temperatures consistent with the season of sample collection. Geochemical analyses determined concentrations of sediment total (TP) and organic P (TP_o), organic matter (OM), total Ca and magnesium, and total and extractable manganese, Fe and aluminum. Sediment P pools were determined using sequential fractionation and solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sediment P fluxes were significantly higher in sediment cores incubated under hypoxic conditions (-24.4 to 28.5 mg P m^-2 d^-1) than oxic conditions (-60.3 to 14.2 mg P m^-2 d^-1). There were significant seasonal and lake differences for TP, TP_o and cation concentrations, with Ca the dominant cation in all but one lake. Phosphate bound in the redox-sensitive pool was the only sediment P fraction that significantly differed among the lakes (0.10 to 0.18 mg P g^-1 d.w.; 9 to 16 % of TP), with an inverse relationship to sediment P flux. Principal component analysis suggests that high concentrations of internally-generated TP_o forms and OM in surface sediments play a key role in internal P loading in these lakes. However, sediment Ca appears to have an overriding effect on sediment P, partially masking the impact of redox control on internal P loading in these hardwater prairie lakes.