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Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

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Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Facial palsy reconstruction.

Soo Hyun Woo¹, Young Chul Kim², Tae Suk Oh²

¹Department of Plastic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Archives of Craniofacial Surgery

|March 10, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic facial nerve injury requires precise localization for effective treatment. Surgical options range from primary repair to nerve grafting and muscle transfer, with timing being critical for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:

Facial nerve Facial nerve injuries Facial paralysis Plastic surgery procedures

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Otolaryngology
Neurosurgery

Background:

Facial nerve paralysis, often idiopathic (Bell palsy), can result from trauma or tumors, causing asymmetry and functional deficits.
Traumatic facial nerve injury necessitates accurate localization to guide treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the diagnosis and management of traumatic facial nerve injuries.
To outline treatment options based on injury location, extent, and timing.

Main Methods:

Review of treatment modalities for peripheral facial nerve injuries.
Discussion of surgical interventions including primary repair, nerve grafting, and muscle transfer.
Consideration of donor nerve options (contralateral facial, ipsilateral masseter, hypoglossal) and accompanying symptoms.

Main Results:

Primary nerve repair offers the best prognosis for facial nerve injury.
Nerve grafting is recommended within 6 months, while muscle transfer is considered after 12 months.
Successful treatment requires addressing associated symptoms like lagophthalmos and midface ptosis.

Conclusions:

Optimal treatment for traumatic facial nerve injury depends on timely intervention and appropriate surgical technique.
Peripheral facial nerve injuries have varied treatment pathways, with primary repair yielding the best outcomes.
Collaborative surgical approaches and consideration of secondary symptoms are vital for functional recovery.