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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
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Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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Non-coding RNAs and neuroinflammation: implications for neurological disorders.

Yvonne Chen1,2, Julia Mateski2,3, Linda Gerace2,4

  • 1Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|March 11, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate neuroinflammation, crucial for brain repair and function. Understanding miRNA control over microglial activation offers therapeutic potential for chronic neurological disorders.

Keywords:
AlzheimerHuntingtoncancerepilepsymiRNAncRNAneuroinflammationneurology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation is a critical repair mechanism, but chronic inflammation damages the central nervous system (CNS) via cytokines and reactive oxygen species.
  • Microglia and macrophages in the CNS perform immune surveillance, with their cytokine production influencing microglial function and neurocognitive outcomes.
  • Persistent neuroinflammation is linked to neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
  • To explore how miRNAs modulate pathways associated with chronic neuroinflammation and neurological diseases.
  • To highlight the potential of miRNAs as therapeutic targets for cognitive and behavioral deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNA involvement in neuroinflammation.
  • Analysis of miRNA regulation of inflammatory mediators like interleukins, TGF-B, NF-kB, and toll-like receptors.
  • Examination of miRNA impact on glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) and neuronal function.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs are key regulators of inflammatory responses, balancing acute immunity and dampening chronic inflammation.
  • Dysregulated miRNAs contribute to a glial inflammatory niche, affecting neuronal conductivity, signaling, and communication.
  • Specific miRNAs control microglial activation, influencing the development of neurological disorders.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs play a critical role in modulating neuroinflammation and its impact on neurological health.
  • Targeting miRNAs offers a promising strategy for developing novel therapeutics for chronic neuroinflammatory conditions.
  • Further understanding of miRNA-mediated microglial regulation is essential for advancing treatments for cognitive and behavioral deficits.