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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It indicates how many standard deviations the value x is above (to the right of) or below (to the left of) the mean, μ. Values of x that are larger than the mean have positive z scores, and values of x that are smaller than the mean have negative z scores. If x equals the mean, then x has a zero z score. It is important to note that the mean of the z scores is zero, and the standard deviation is one.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cardiovascular Imaging - Introducing the Spatially Weighted Calcium Score for Early Disease Detection
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Cardiovascular Imaging - Introducing the Spatially Weighted Calcium Score for Early Disease Detection

Published on: September 22, 2023

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The Zero Calcium Score Paradox.

Rachad Ghazal1, Danish Bawa1, Adnan Ahmed1

  • 1Kansas City Heart Rhythm Institute and Research Foundation, Overland Park, Kansas, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|March 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A zero calcium score did not rule out severe coronary artery disease in this angina patient. Noncalcified plaque can cause significant stenosis, limiting the coronary calcium score

Keywords:
CTA coronary angiographyarterial plaquecoronary artery calcium scorecoronary artery diseasecoronary atherosclerosiscoronary calcification

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Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans
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Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality.
  • Coronary calcium score (CCS) is a widely used tool for cardiovascular risk assessment.
  • Noncalcified plaque represents a significant, yet often underestimated, component of atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of angina with severe coronary stenosis despite a zero calcium score.
  • To highlight the limitations of the coronary calcium score in symptomatic patients.
  • To emphasize the prognostic importance of noncalcified plaque.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient presenting with angina.
  • Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to assess coronary anatomy and plaque burden.
  • Evaluation of coronary calcium score in conjunction with plaque characterization.

Main Results:

  • The patient exhibited severe coronary stenosis.
  • The coronary calcium score was zero, indicating no calcified plaque.
  • Noncalcified plaque was identified as the cause of the significant stenosis.

Conclusions:

  • A zero coronary calcium score does not exclude severe coronary artery disease.
  • Noncalcified plaque can lead to significant coronary stenosis and symptoms.
  • The coronary calcium score should not be used as a sole predictive tool in symptomatic individuals.