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Related Concept Videos

Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
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Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation01:28

Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation

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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.
The myogenic...
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Glomerular Filtration01:15

Glomerular Filtration

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The filtration membrane in the renal system is a highly specialized structure essential for filtering blood. It consists of glomerular capillaries and podocytes, forming a selective barrier that permits the passage of water and small solutes while restricting most plasma proteins and blood cells.
Components of the Filtration Membrane
The filtration process involves three key layers: the glomerular endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and the podocyte-formed filtration slits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin
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Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review.

Priyanshu R Verma1, Praful Patil2

  • 1Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.

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|March 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS), a kidney disorder, involves protein in urine and swelling. Research is exploring biomarkers and new treatments beyond steroids for this complex condition.

Keywords:
deficiencykidneynephrotic syndromeproteinuriasteroid sensitive

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5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat
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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nephrotic syndrome (NS) presents with hypoalbuminemia, severe proteinuria, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
  • Primary NS includes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy; thrombosis and infection are risks.
  • Pathophysiology involves gene alterations affecting kidney selectivity and podocyte protein abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying nephrotic syndrome.
  • To explore non-invasive biomarkers for improved diagnosis.
  • To identify safer and more effective therapeutic strategies for NS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of NS pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria including proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia.
  • Analysis of existing and emerging therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • NS diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms and lab evidence; invasive biopsies may be reduced by biomarkers like microRNAs.
  • Corticosteroids are first-line treatment, but resistant cases require other therapies.
  • Calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab are used; research continues for better options.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding NS pathophysiology and identifying biomarkers are crucial for targeted therapies.
  • Development of non-invasive biomarkers could reduce the need for renal biopsies.
  • Further research is essential to find safer and more effective treatments for nephrotic syndrome.