Osmoregulation in Fishes
Bacterial Toxins
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: February 22, 2017
Francisco A Uzal1, Eileen Henderson1, Javier Asin1
1California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA, USA.
Fish botulism, primarily caused by Clostridium botulinum type E, affects freshwater fish, causing neurological signs. Affected fish can lead to secondary botulism outbreaks in birds.
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