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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one...
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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Outer Sphere Electron Transfer Enabling High-Voltage Aqueous Electrolytes.

Fan Zhang1, Ting Liao2,3, Hong Peng4

  • 1School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 11, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introducing catechol (CAT) into aqueous electrolytes significantly expands the voltage window to 3.24 V by enabling outer sphere electron transfer. This innovation enhances safety and performance in aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous electrolytes in metal-ion batteries are limited by a low voltage window (1.23 V) and side reactions like hydrogen evolution.
  • These limitations hinder the potential of safe and low-cost aqueous batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-voltage aqueous electrolyte for enhanced safety and energy density in metal-ion batteries.
  • To investigate the mechanism of outer sphere electron transfer for inhibiting water reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of catechol (CAT) into aqueous electrolytes.
  • Investigation of outer sphere electron transfer mechanism using Zn-ion battery model.
  • Electrochemical characterization of Zn//Zn symmetric and Zn//V2O5 full batteries.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an expanded electrochemical window of 3.24 V by inhibiting water reactivity.
  • Demonstrated outer sphere electron transfer mechanism involving catechol and Zn2+-H2O solvation shells.
  • Zn//V2O5 full batteries exhibited high energy density (~380 W h kg-1) and excellent cycling stability (92% retention over 3000 cycles).
  • Zn//Zn symmetric batteries achieved a lifespan of 4000 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Outer sphere electron transfer strategy effectively enables high-voltage aqueous electrolytes.
  • This approach significantly improves the performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
  • Paves the way for designing next-generation high-voltage aqueous energy storage systems.