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Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

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Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

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Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
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Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

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Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
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The Laccase Catalysed Tandem Lignin Depolymerisation/Polymerisation.

Nicolò Pajer1, Matteo Gigli1, Claudia Crestini1

  • 1Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Italy, 30135.

Chemsuschem
|March 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for upcycling technical lignins into valuable phenolic compounds and enhanced polymer materials. The process combines solvent fractionation with a modified bacterial laccase for efficient lignin valorization.

Keywords:
Enzyme catalysisKraft ligninLaccaseNatural PolymersOrganosolv ligninOxidation

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Polymer Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Technical lignins are abundant biopolymers with potential for industrial upcycling.
  • Current methods for lignin valorization often lack efficiency or selectivity.
  • Developing strategies for high-value phenolic production and material enhancement is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a combined solvent fractionation and enzymatic oxidation strategy for technical lignin upcycling.
  • To achieve high-yield, selective isolation of lignin-monomeric compounds (MCs) and polymerised materials (PMs).
  • To tailor the properties, such as molecular weight and hydrophobicity, of the resulting materials.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling of solvent-based fractionation with oxidative action of a genetically modified bacterial laccase.
  • Optimization of reaction conditions (temperature, time, enzyme loading, alkalinity) for selective monomer production.
  • Characterization of isolated monomeric compounds and polymerised materials from softwood kraft lignin (SKL) and wheat straw organosolv lignin (WSL).

Main Results:

  • High-yield (up to 17.2 mg/g) and selective isolation of valuable lignin-monomeric compounds (MCs).
  • Significant increase in molecular weight (Mw) of polymerised materials (PMs): almost quadrupled for SKL and doubled for WSL.
  • Demonstrated increased hydrophobicity in technical lignins, fractions, and PMs after laccase-catalyzed oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • The presented strategy effectively achieves dual aims of producing high-value phenolics and enhanced materials from technical lignins.
  • The optimized laccase-based approach offers a promising route for efficient and selective lignin upcycling.
  • The enhanced hydrophobicity of the derived materials broadens their potential applications.