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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Allergic Rhinitis: A Review.

Jonathan A Bernstein1, Joshua S Bernstein1, Richika Makol2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.

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|March 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allergic rhinitis, affecting 15% of the US population, involves nasal inflammation and symptoms like congestion and sneezing. Treatment options include antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, chosen based on symptom severity and patient preference.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Allergic rhinitis impacts 15% of the US population, often co-occurring with asthma, eczema, and sinusitis.
  • It arises from allergen penetration of the nasal epithelial barrier, triggering a T-helper type 2 inflammatory response and IgE production.

Approach:

  • Differentiating allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis based on symptoms, physical findings, and specific IgE aeroallergen test results.
  • Classifying allergic rhinitis as intermittent or persistent based on symptom frequency and duration.
  • Reviewing treatment strategies, including allergen avoidance and pharmacotherapy.

Key Points:

  • Common symptoms include nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching.
  • Nonallergic rhinitis presents with congestion and postnasal drainage, less responsive to nasal corticosteroids.
  • Physical findings vary, with pale turbinates in seasonal and erythematous turbinates in perennial allergic rhinitis.

Conclusions:

  • First-line treatments for mild allergic rhinitis include second-generation H1 antihistamines or intranasal antihistamines.
  • Moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis warrants initial treatment with intranasal corticosteroids, alone or combined with intranasal antihistamines.
  • Nonallergic rhinitis management begins with intranasal antihistamines, potentially combined with intranasal corticosteroids.