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Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

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SARS-CoV2 evokes structural brain changes resulting in declined executive function.

Daniel Deuter¹, Katharina Hense¹, Kevin Kunkel¹

¹Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

|March 12, 2024

Summary

COVID-19 causes neuroplastic changes in grey and white matter, affecting brain networks crucial for executive function and language. These alterations are observed in acute patients and can persist post-recovery, impacting cognitive abilities.

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Published on: June 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Radiology
Cognitive Science

Background:

COVID-19 is recognized as a multi-system disease with significant Central Nervous System (CNS) implications.
Current understanding of COVID-19's neurofunctional impact lacks a comprehensive disease model.
Research has primarily focused on direct viral effects (neurotropism) rather than broader neuroplastic changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate neuroplastic changes in grey and white matter associated with COVID-19.
To correlate observed brain structural changes with neurocognitive test results.
To develop a multi-dimensional disease model for COVID-19 based on neurofunctional alterations.

Main Methods:

Prospective study including acutely ill COVID-19 patients (n=16), recovered patients (n=21), and healthy controls (n=13).
Utilized Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging: T1-weighted sequences for voxel-based morphometry of grey matter and diffusion-weighted sequences for probabilistic tractography of white matter.
Conducted comprehensive neurocognitive testing assessing verbal and non-verbal domains.

Main Results:

Significant alterations were identified in the grey matter of the frontal-basal ganglia-thalamus network and temporal areas, along with connecting white matter fiber tracts.
Acute COVID-19 patients exhibited a reduction in grey matter volume and white matter tract integrity.
Cognitive deficits, particularly in executive function and verbal fluency, were observed in acute patients, with some deficits persisting in recovered individuals.

Conclusions:

Structural brain changes in COVID-19 involve grey matter volume and white matter tracts within networks critical for executive control and language.
Further research is essential to fully comprehend these alterations, especially concerning their long-term impact and the phenomenon of 'Post-COVID' syndrome.