Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

1.7K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
1.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.1K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
1.1K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

969
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
969
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.0K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.0K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

13.5K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
13.5K
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

2.7K
The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bipolar membranes reveal surface-hydroxyl-structure-dependent water dissociation mechanism.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

PCSK9 promotes aging-related cardiac calcification by inducing osteogenic differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts.

Mechanisms of ageing and development·2026
Same author

Enhanced bicarbonate electrolysis using bipolar membranes with accelerated water dissociation.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2026
Same author

HMGB1-mediated formation of IL-33-abundant NETs drives lung-to-kidney injury in severe pneumonia-associated acute kidney injury.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

Mannose-modified IL-10 mRNA nanoparticle delivery system promotes M2 macrophage polarization and ameliorates early immune dysregulation in sepsis.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026
Same author

Efficacy and prognostic factors of stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases in small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMC cancer·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
08:18

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

1.7K

Enhanced Carbon-Carbon Coupling at Interfaces with Abrupt Coordination Number Changes.

Xuan Wang1, Ruihu Lu2, Binbin Pan1

  • 1Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.

Chemsuschem
|March 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Designing interfaces with changing coordination numbers significantly boosts copper-catalyzed CO2 reduction to C2+ chemicals, lowering energy demands for efficient and stable production.

Keywords:
carbon-carbon couplingcoordination numberelectrocatalysis CO2 reductioninterface

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

18.2K
Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
08:18

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

1.7K
Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

18.2K
Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Published on: September 28, 2016

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Copper-catalyzed electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is promising for producing valuable multi-carbon (C2+) chemicals.
  • High overpotentials currently limit the practical application of CO2RR technologies.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms, particularly C-C bond formation pathways, is crucial for catalyst design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design interfaces that reduce the applied potential for high C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) in CO2RR.
  • To investigate the role of coordination number (CN) changes at interfaces in promoting C-C coupling.
  • To develop stable and efficient electrocatalysts for C2+ chemical production.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of interfaces using Cu2O-derived Cu (OD-Cu) and Cu-phthalocyanine-derived Cu (PD-Cu) to create abrupt CN changes.
  • Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine the coordination numbers and favored adsorption species at different interfaces.
  • Operando Raman spectroscopy to identify reaction intermediates and pathways, such as *OCCOH formation.

Main Results:

  • The designed interfaces with abrupt CN changes significantly reduced the overpotential for CO2RR.
  • OD-Cu exhibited a CN of ~11 favoring CO* adsorption, while PD-Cu showed a CN of ~4 favoring COH* adsorption.
  • The catalyst achieved a C2+ FE of 85±2% at 220 mA cm-2, with a 3-fold improvement in FE at lower current densities (60-140 mA cm-2) compared to bare OD-Cu.
  • Stable operation for 45 hours at 220 mA cm-2 was demonstrated, yielding a C2+ product FE of ~80%.

Conclusions:

  • Interfaces with abrupt coordination number changes are effective in lowering overpotentials for Cu-catalyzed CO2RR.
  • The specific CN values at the interface dictate the adsorption of key intermediates and influence the C-C bond formation pathway.
  • This strategy offers a promising route for developing highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for sustainable C2+ chemical synthesis.