Nutritional, Biochemical, and Functional Properties of Pearl Millet and Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Composite Meal...

This study sought to improve pearl millet's nutritional, functional, and biochemical properties through malting and fermentation. Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) was used as a fortificant. Mixture design was used to find optimal proportions for each component that yielded a high protein and or low saturated fat content. Twelve mixtures with varying ratios of fermented and malted pearl millet flour ranging between 30-65% and MLP between 5-15% were generated through I-Optimal mixture design. The mixtures were wet-cooked, freeze-dried, and analysed for protein and fat content. The data obtained were fitted to a linear mixture model, and the search for the optimum was conducted using Numerical Optimisation for maximising protein and minimising saturated fat. The linear model was suitable for explaining total protein and saturated fat variation with r² of 0.50 and 0.51, respectively. Increasing MLP increased protein content. Two final formulations, Optimisation Solution 1 (OS1) and Optimisation Solution 2 (OS2), were generated through the optimisation process. Pearl millet's protein content increased by up to 22%, while saturated fat decreased by up to 13%; ash content increased by 75%. Polyphenol content and oxygen radical absorbance capacity increased by 80% and 25%, respectively. Final and peak viscosity were reduced by 90% and 95%, respectively.