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Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin as an enterotoxin.

F A Kapral

    Ciba Foundation Symposium
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins cause vomiting and diarrhea. Delta toxin, a distinct enterotoxin, exhibits cytotoxicity and affects intestinal ion transport, independent of cyclic AMP.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Toxicology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are primary causes of food poisoning, inducing emesis and diarrhea.
    • Classical enterotoxins (seven antigenic types) range from 25,000-35,000 molecular weight and induce emesis in humans and monkeys.
    • Delta toxin, another Staphylococcus aureus product, is a smaller peptide (Mr 2977) with diverse biological activities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the biological activities of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, including classical types and delta toxin.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying enterotoxin-induced emesis and diarrhea.
    • To characterize the effects of delta toxin on intestinal function and cellular signaling.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessing emetic and diarrheal responses in animal models (man, monkey, neonatal mouse).
    • Analyzing molecular weights and antigenic properties of classical enterotoxins.
    • Evaluating delta toxin's cytotoxicity, vascular permeability effects, and impact on ileal ion transport and cyclic AMP levels in guinea pigs.

    Main Results:

    • Classical enterotoxins induce emesis via intestinal neural receptors, with the mechanism for diarrhea remaining unclear.
    • Delta toxin is cytotoxic, increases vascular permeability, and elevates cyclic AMP levels in guinea pig ileum.
    • Delta toxin inhibits water absorption in the ileum by increasing bidirectional Na+ and Cl- movement, preceding cyclic AMP changes.
    • High doses of delta toxin cause a positive response in neonatal mice after oral administration.

    Conclusions:

    • Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins possess diverse biological activities beyond emesis and diarrhea.
    • Delta toxin exhibits cytotoxic and ion transport-modulating effects in the intestine, with a mechanism not solely mediated by cyclic AMP.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand the diarrheal mechanisms of classical enterotoxins and the complete role of delta toxin in gastrointestinal disturbances.

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