Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities

Area of Science:

• Physiology
• Environmental Health
• Marine Biology

Background:

• Underwater activities induce oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant imbalance.
• This imbalance can trigger inflammatory responses, influenced by oxygen availability.
• Divers face unique physiological challenges including hypoxia, hyperoxia, and hyperbaric pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review oxidative stress and inflammation (Oxy-Inflammation) in various underwater activities.
• To explore the impact of environmental and physiological factors on divers' health.
• To detail the physiological adaptations and risks associated with the diving response.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on oxidative stress and inflammation in diving.
• Analysis of physiological responses to breath-hold (BH), SCUBA, and saturation diving.
• Examination of factors like hyperbaric pressure, gas mixtures, and temperature.

Main Results:

• Underwater activities disrupt the balance between RONS and antioxidant defenses.
• Oxy-Inflammation is a significant concern, varying with O2 availability and diving type.
• The 'diving response' involves cardiovascular stress, altered blood gases, and decompression risks.

Conclusions:

• Divers experience significant oxidative stress and inflammation due to environmental and physiological stressors.
• Understanding Oxy-Inflammation is crucial for mitigating health risks in all forms of diving.
• Further research is needed to optimize protective strategies for underwater environments.