Current Insights into Tissue Injury of Giant Cell Arteritis: From Acute Inflammatory Responses towards Inappropriate
Dimitris Anastasios Palamidas1, Loukas Chatzis1,2, Maria Papadaki2
1Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
Cells
|March 13, 2024
Summary
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) involves inflammation of large arteries, primarily affecting individuals over 50. This review details GCA pathogenesis, highlighting key cells and molecules in its inflammatory phases.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Rheumatology
- Pathology
Background:
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an autoimmune disease impacting large vessels in patients >50 years old.
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is central to GCA's inflammatory processes.
- Comorbidities include blindness from vascular occlusion and thoracic aorta aneurysms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current advances in understanding GCA pathogenesis.
- To describe cells, molecules, and mediators involved in GCA's inflammatory phases.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on GCA pathogenesis.
- Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms in different inflammatory phases.
Main Results:
- GCA involves monocytes/macrophages, Th1/Th17 responses, B-cells, and neutrophils.
- Senescent cells and neutrophil extracellular traps are found in GCA lesions.
- Understanding early disease stages and cell interactions remains challenging.
Conclusions:
- GCA pathogenesis involves complex, overlapping inflammatory phases.
- Further research is needed to elucidate early disease mechanisms and cell interactions.
Related Concept Videos
01:28Inflammatory Response
2.0K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
2.0K
01:38Inflammation
53.4K
Overview
53.4K
01:24Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair
4.9K
The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
4.9K
01:28Phases of Wound Repair
6.0K
Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
Formation of Blood Clot
In case of deep injuries, trauma to blood vessels results in blood loss. In the meantime, phospholipids released from the ruptured endothelial cellular membrane are converted into arachidonic...
Formation of Blood Clot
In case of deep injuries, trauma to blood vessels results in blood loss. In the meantime, phospholipids released from the ruptured endothelial cellular membrane are converted into arachidonic...
6.0K