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Related Concept Videos

Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays activate immediately when the input current exceeds a predetermined value, known as the pickup current, instantly energizing the circuit breaker trip coil. This rapid response is vital for addressing severe faults quickly.
Time-delay overcurrent relays, on the other...
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
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A Comprehensive Evaluation Algorithm of Multi-Point Relay Based on Link-State Awareness for UANETs.

Rencheng Jin1, Xinyuan Zhang1, Jiajun Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selecting Multi-Point Relay (MPR) nodes in Optimizing Link State Routing (OLSR) is vital for dynamic networks. The new CEL-OLSR protocol enhances network performance by using link-state awareness for MPR selection.

Keywords:
MPRNS-3OLSRTOPSISUANETslink statusmobility

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Wireless Communication

Background:

  • Multi-Point Relay (MPR) is crucial for Optimizing Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols, improving network overhead, throughput, scalability, and adaptability.
  • Current MPR selection criteria are limited, hindering flexible node choice in dynamic networks based on real-time link states.
  • Node mobility in dynamic networks causes unstable links, poor transmission accuracy, and lack of real-time performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a comprehensive MPR evaluation algorithm based on link-state awareness for dynamic networks.
  • To address challenges posed by mobility, including unstable links and poor transmission accuracy.
  • To enhance the selection of MPR nodes for improved network performance.

Main Methods:

  • Defined five state evaluation parameters considering node mobility and load.
  • Utilized the entropy weight method to determine weight coefficients.
  • Employed the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for comprehensive MPR node evaluation and selection.
  • Proposed the Comprehensive Evaluation based on Link-state awareness of OLSR (CEL-OLSR) protocol.
  • Conducted simulated experiments using NS-3.

Main Results:

  • The proposed CEL-OLSR protocol significantly improves network performance compared to existing protocols (PM-OLSR, ML-OLSR, LD-OLSR, OLSR).
  • Key performance improvements include enhanced packet delivery rate and network throughput.
  • CEL-OLSR also reduces average end-to-end delay and control overhead.

Conclusions:

  • The CEL-OLSR protocol effectively addresses MPR selection challenges in dynamic networks.
  • Link-state awareness in MPR selection leads to substantial improvements in overall network performance.
  • The proposed method offers a more adaptive and efficient approach to MPR selection in mobile wireless networks.