Prevalence of and factors associated with multimorbidity among adults in Kuwait

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of morbidity i.e., one morbidity and multimorbidity (≥ 2 morbid conditions) among adults in Kuwait and to examine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with morbidity as a multinomial outcome in the study population.

The data were collected from January 26, 2021, to February 3, 2021, using an electronic questionnaire, which was distributed on social media platforms. The consent form was attached with the questionnaire and the participants were requested to sign the consent form before completing the questionnaire. The prevalences (%) of each morbidity and multimorbidity were computed. Multivariable polychotomous logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the demographic and lifestyle factors with morbidity as a multinomial outcome.

Of 3572 respondents included, 89% were Kuwaiti, 78.3% females and 66% were 21- 40 years old. The prevalence of multimorbidity and one morbidity respectively was 27.4% and 29.7%. The prevalence of multimorbidity with two, three, four or five ill-health conditions were 14.3%, 7.4%, 3.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. A higher prevalence of multimorbidity was among respondents over 60 years of age (71%) and Kuwaiti nationals (28.9%). The final multivariable polychotomous logistic regression model revealed that age, sex, nativity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and alcohol drinking were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with multimorbidity. However, age and alcohol drinking were significant (p < 0.05) predictors of one morbidity.

This study provides evidence that multimorbidity is more prevalent among the elderly, females, and Kuwaiti nationals. Sedentary behaviour, smoking and alcohol consumption were significantly and independently associated with multimorbidity. These findings highlight the burden of multimorbidity and should be considered in the development of future prevention programs.