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Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in improving sleep quality after cardiac surgery: A systematic
Pei Qi Peggy Soh1,2, Wei Hao Timothy Wong1,3, Tanushri Roy1
1Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Background:
Sleep disturbance is highly prevalent among post-operative cardiac patients, with negative impacts on surgical recovery and rehabilitation. Post-operative pain and anxiety commonly seen in cardiac surgery patients are associated with poor sleep. Sleep medications commonly used are not ideal with prolonged usage, and non-pharmacological interventions can be good alternatives or complements.
Aim:
To examine effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in post-operative cardiac settings on sleep quality, pain intensity and anxiety.
Design:
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods:
PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, CNKI and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were searched on 12 October 2022. Randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions examining sleep quality for adult post-operative cardiac patients were included. Included studies were appraised using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 1. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan version 5.4.1, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics and Cochran Q's test.
Results:
Eighteen studies involving 1701 participants were identified. Coronary artery bypass graft was most common. Non-pharmacological interventions varied in types and duration. All intervention groups were compared to usual care, placebo, no interventions or active comparators. Statistically significant improvement in sleep quality (SMD = -.91, 95% CI = -1.17 to -.65) was found among intervention groups that explored cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques, exercise, massage, acupressure, aromatherapy, music, eye mask and earplugs. Pain intensity was reduced (SMD = -.63, 95% CI = -1.05 to -.20) with cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques, massage, music and eye mask. Anxiety was improved (SMD = -.21, 95% CI = -.38 to -.04) with exercise and music.
Conclusion:
The overall use of non-pharmacological interventions can optimise sleep after cardiac surgery. Further research with greater methodological rigour is needed to investigate different intervention-related characteristics while considering potential confounders.
Relevance To Clinical Practice:
Post-operative cardiac settings can consider incorporating non-pharmacological interventions. Patients and healthcare providers can be better informed about the use of such interventions to improve sleep.
Registration:
PROSPERO CRD42022384991.
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