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Related Concept Videos

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Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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The oncogene cyclin D1 promotes bipolar spindle integrity under compressive force.

Renaldo Sutanto1, Lila Neahring1,2, Andrea Serra Marques1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.

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Oncogene cyclin D1 overexpression in cells creates abnormal mitotic spindles but protects them from fracturing under pressure. This may help cancer cells proliferate in mechanically stressful tumor environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Cancer research
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The mitotic spindle is crucial for chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • Aberrant spindles are common in cancer, but their mechanical function in solid tumors is unclear.
  • Oncogenic transformation's impact on spindle mechanics requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of cyclin D1 overexpression on mitotic spindle architecture.
  • To assess how cyclin D1 affects spindle response to compressive force.
  • To understand the role of cyclin D1 in cancer cell adaptation to mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • Constitutive overexpression of the oncogene cyclin D1 in human MCF10A cells.
  • Analysis of spindle architecture, including poles, centrioles, and chromosome number.
  • Assessment of spindle pole integrity under applied compressive force.

Main Results:

  • Cyclin D1 overexpression led to an increased incidence of multipolar spindles (extra poles, centrioles, chromosomes).
  • Overexpressed cyclin D1 protected spindle poles from fracturing under compressive force.
  • This protection was observed despite the increased incidence of multipolar divisions.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclin D1 overexpression may confer a mechanical advantage to cells under compressive stress.
  • This adaptation could contribute to cyclin D1's prevalence in cancers like breast cancer.
  • The findings suggest a mechanism for cancer cell proliferation in mechanically challenging tumor microenvironments.