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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Scapular motion during shoulder joint extension movement.

Takanao Shirai1, Tomohito Ijiri1, Toshiaki Suzuki2

  • 1Kiba Hospital, Medical Corporation, Juzankai 4-2-8, Iwata, Higashiosaka, Osaka 578-0941, Japan.

Journal of Biomechanics
|March 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Scapular posterior tilt is crucial for initial shoulder extension, followed by anterior tilt after 30°. This understanding aids in evaluating shoulder joint extension deficits.

Keywords:
Dominant sideHealthy adultsMultiple comparison methodScapular motionShoulder joint extension movementThree-dimensional action analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Limited data exists on scapular motion during shoulder extension.
  • Understanding normal scapular movement is vital for diagnosing and treating shoulder extension impairments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify scapular kinematics during shoulder joint extension in healthy adults.
  • To establish baseline data for clinical assessment of shoulder function.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to measure shoulder and scapular movements.
  • 22 healthy adults performed shoulder joint extension in a sitting position.
  • Scapular upward rotation, anterior tilt, external rotation, and acromion position were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Scapular posterior tilt occurred up to 30° of shoulder extension, transitioning to anterior tilt thereafter.
  • Scapular upward and external rotation increased progressively with shoulder extension.
  • The acromion showed upward and backward displacement during shoulder extension.

Conclusions:

  • Scapular posterior tilt initiates shoulder extension, with anterior tilt dominating after 30°.
  • Acromion displacement may be linked to clavicular retraction and subsequent scapular tilting.
  • These findings provide insights into the complex interplay of scapular and glenohumeral motion during shoulder extension.