Adverse childhood experiences among doctor of pharmacy students

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have demonstrated negative impact on physical, emotional, and cognitive health outcomes. This study aimed to assess prevalence of ACEs among Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students, and their associations with mental health, substance use, academic performance, and sleep patterns.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on PharmD students at a private University. ACE scores, mental health history, substance use, academic performance, and sleep habits were self-reported. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis.

From 54 participants across all cohorts of students in the curriculum (response rate: 19%), 48% reported ≥4 ACEs. A majority of students reported having been diagnosed with or sought treatment for depression (56%) or anxiety (67%), while 42.9% reported a history of contemplating suicide. Participants with ACE scores of ≥4 were more likely to have sought treatment for depression, any mental health condition, contemplated suicide, or used alcohol for mental health purposes. No differences in academic performance based on ACE scores were found.

High numbers of ACEs were common and linked to mental illness, suicidality, and use of alcohol for mental health purposes. While no direct academic impact was found in this small sample size, adopting a trauma-informed approach is crucial to supporting student well-being. Further research in this area is needed to optimize interventions to support academic and professional success among students with ≥4 ACEs.