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Related Concept Videos

Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
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Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

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Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
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Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

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Electron highways are cooler.

Navita Jakhar1, Maria Ibáñez1

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Reducing defects significantly enhances the room-temperature performance of thermoelectric devices. This improvement is key for efficient energy conversion applications.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Energy Conversion

Background:

  • Thermoelectric devices convert heat energy into electrical energy and vice versa.
  • Device performance is often limited by material defects.
  • Optimizing thermoelectric materials for room-temperature operation is crucial for widespread applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of defect reduction on thermoelectric device performance at room temperature.
  • To identify strategies for minimizing defects in thermoelectric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of thermoelectric devices with varying defect concentrations.
  • Characterization of material properties, including electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity.

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  • Performance testing of devices at room temperature.

    • Main Results:

    • A clear correlation between reduced defect density and improved thermoelectric performance was observed.
    • Devices with fewer defects exhibited higher power output and conversion efficiency.
    • Specific defect engineering techniques were found to be effective.

    Conclusions:

    • Minimizing defects is a critical factor for enhancing room-temperature thermoelectric device performance.
    • Defect reduction strategies offer a promising pathway for developing more efficient thermoelectric generators and coolers.