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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Small-molecule agents for cancer immunotherapy.

Fang Wang1, Kai Fu1, Yujue Wang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|March 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Small-molecule drugs are revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy by targeting various pathways to improve patient outcomes. These agents show promise in overcoming resistance and enhancing the effectiveness of current cancer treatments.

Keywords:
Antitumor immunityCancer immunotherapyCytokine/chemokine signalingImmune checkpointsMetabolic pathwaysOncogenic signalingSmall-molecule agentsTumor immune microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade and CAR T-cell therapy, offers significant clinical benefits and long-term tumor regression.
  • Advances in understanding the tumor immune microenvironment have spurred the development of small-molecule drugs for immunotherapy.
  • Small molecules are being investigated for their potential to target diverse pathways crucial for anti-cancer immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest developments in small-molecule agents for cancer immunotherapy.
  • To highlight the progress of these agents in recent clinical investigations.
  • To discuss small molecules targeting various pathways involved in cancer immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on small-molecule cancer immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of clinical investigations involving small-molecule immunotherapeutic drugs.
  • Focus on small molecules targeting PRR-associated pathways, immune checkpoints, oncogenic signaling, metabolic pathways, cytokine/chemokine signaling, and immune-related kinases.

Main Results:

  • Small-molecule drugs targeting defined pathways are under active clinical investigation.
  • Combinations of small-molecule immunotherapies with other modalities are being explored to overcome resistance.
  • Progress has been made in developing small molecules to enhance anti-tumor immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Small-molecule immunotherapeutics represent a rapidly advancing area in cancer treatment.
  • These agents hold potential for monotherapy and combination strategies to improve patient survival.
  • Further clinical investigations are crucial to realize the full therapeutic potential of small-molecule cancer immunotherapies.