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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Development of a Novel Task-oriented Rehabilitation Program using a Bimanual Exoskeleton Robotic Hand

Development of a Novel Task-oriented Rehabilitation Program using a Bimanual Exoskeleton Robotic Hand

Published on: May 20, 2020

A novel passive shoulder exoskeleton for assisting overhead work.

Shuo Ding¹, Anaya Reyes Francisco¹, Tong Li¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Wearable Technologies

|March 15, 2024

Summary

This study introduces a novel passive shoulder exoskeleton (SE) that reduces arm weight by relocating the torque generator to the back. This innovative design significantly decreases muscle strain during overhead work.

Keywords:

exoskeleton low weight on arms overhead work shoulder injuries

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2025

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Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

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Published on: June 16, 2016

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human-Robot Interaction
Wearable Robotics

Background:

Passive shoulder exoskeletons (SEs) aid workers in overhead tasks but often add weight to the arms, increasing user fatigue.
Existing designs face challenges in balancing portability with effective assistance due to torque generator placement.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel passive SE with a back-mounted torque generator to reduce arm load.
To accommodate complex shoulder movements using a lightweight Bowden cable system.
To address nonlinear torque requirements with a unique spring-cam mechanism.

Main Methods:

Designed a passive SE with a back-mounted torque generator connected via Bowden cables.
Incorporated a spring-cam mechanism for nonlinear torque generation.
Conducted a usability test with 10 healthy subjects performing overhead work, measuring muscle activation.

Main Results:

The novel SE significantly reduced the weight on the user's arms.
Electromyography (EMG) signals for shoulder muscles decreased by up to 25% during assisted overhead work.
The device demonstrated accommodation of complex shoulder joint movements.

Conclusions:

The proposed passive SE effectively reduces muscular load and improves usability by relocating the torque generator.
The design offers a lightweight and portable solution for overhead work assistance.
This research advances passive SE design, focusing on arm weight reduction and enhanced user comfort.