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Related Concept Videos

Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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A quadriphasic mechanical model of the human dermis.

David Sachs1, Raphael Jakob2, Gaetana Restivo3

  • 1Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland. sachs@imes.mavt.ethz.ch.

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
|March 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a quadriphasic model for human dermis, revealing permeability

Keywords:
DermisElectrical potentialMechanobiologyOsmotic pressureQuadriphasic model

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Human dermis exhibits complex mechanical behavior.
  • Understanding chemo-mechanical coupling is crucial for dermal tissue analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a quadriphasic model for human dermal tissue.
  • To investigate the chemo-mechanical coupling and its influence on dermal mechanics.
  • To predict alterations in the dermal cell environment and mechanome during skin deformation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental characterization using compression and tensile tests.
  • Chemo-mechanical coupling analysis with varying osmolarity.
  • Inverse analysis for model parameter determination.
  • Development of a quadriphasic model including solid matrix, interstitial fluid, anions, and cations.

Main Results:

  • Permeability significantly influences the temporal mechanical response of dermal tissue.
  • An ideal Donnan equilibrium model overestimates osmotic pressure in dilute solutions.
  • Skin deformation alters the dermal cell environment and mechanome.
  • Deformation induces variations in local variables, including electric fields due to fixed charge distribution.

Conclusions:

  • The quadriphasic model accurately captures the multiphasic mechanical behavior of human dermis.
  • Permeability is a key determinant of the time-dependent mechanical response.
  • The model provides insights into the mechanome and electric field changes during skin deformation.