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Stress and Mental Health

Stress and Mental Health

Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Individuals with depression often experience challenges in both their personal and professional...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Published on: May 15, 2019

Fluoxetine attenuates stress-induced depression-like behavior due to decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines in male

Ritah Nabirumbi^1,2, Hope Onohuean^1,3, Kato Charles Drago^4,5

¹Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.

Science Progress

|March 15, 2024

Summary

Environmental and alcohol-induced stress cause depression-like behaviors (DLB) by activating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Fluoxetine treatment reduced these cytokine levels in rat models of DLB.

Keywords:

Stressors cytokines depression fluoxetine hippocampus inflammation

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Immunology
Pharmacology

Background:

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are linked to depression from environmental and alcohol-induced stress.
Depression-like behaviors (DLB) can be induced by environmental (forced swimming test, FST) or alcohol (ethanol-induced DLB, EID) stressors.
The role of cytokines in these DLB models and the effect of fluoxetine are investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate serum and hippocampal cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in FST and EID models of DLB.
To determine the impact of fluoxetine pretreatment on these cytokine levels in both DLB models.

Main Methods:

Rats were subjected to FST or EID to induce DLB.
Some animals received fluoxetine pretreatment before DLB induction.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify cytokine levels in serum and hippocampus.

Main Results:

Both FST and EID models showed significantly elevated serum and hippocampal levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared to controls.
Fluoxetine pretreatment (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-6 levels in both FST and EID models.
TNF-α levels were also assessed, though specific results are not detailed in the abstract.

Conclusions:

Environmental and alcohol stressors induce DLB with similar intensity through pro-inflammatory cytokine activation.
Fluoxetine demonstrates a preventative effect against stress-induced inflammation in these DLB models.
This suggests a shared inflammatory mechanism in stress-induced depression, targetable by antidepressants like fluoxetine.