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Multiple behavioral mechanisms shape development in a highly social cichlid fish.

Isabela P Harmon1, Emily A McCabe1, Madeleine R Vergun1

  • 1Scripps College, Claremont, CA, USA.

Physiology & Behavior
|March 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Early social environments significantly impact fish behavior and stress responses. More social partners and varied social experiences lead to distinct behavioral patterns, influencing adult phenotypes.

Keywords:
Behavioral syndromeCortisolEarly-life experienceEarly-life social effectsHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisOntogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Early-life social experiences are critical for shaping adult phenotypes.
  • The specific behavioral mechanisms linking early social life to adult outcomes are not well understood.
  • Social behavior and stress axis function are key areas influenced by early experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying early-life social experiences affect juvenile behavior and stress axis function in cichlid fish.
  • To determine the impact of social partner number and social stability on behavioral development.

Main Methods:

  • African cichlid fish (Astatotilapia burtoni) juveniles were exposed to different social conditions: stable pairs, stable groups, and socialized pairs with rotating partners.
  • Behavioral assays included open field exploration, social cue investigation, and assessments of dominant and subordinate behaviors.
  • Water-borne cortisol levels were measured to assess stress axis function.

Main Results:

  • Significant treatment differences were observed in all behavioral assays, but not in cortisol levels.
  • Principal component analysis revealed behavioral syndromes sensitive to early social experience.
  • Increased social partner number correlated with higher exploratory behavior and social interaction.
  • Social instability (socialized pairs) was associated with increased dominance and reduced territoriality.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life social experiences, particularly partner number and social stability, profoundly influence behavioral development in cichlids.
  • Behavioral syndromes emerge that are shaped by the quantity and nature of early social interactions.
  • These findings highlight the lasting impact of early social environments on phenotype, even without significant changes in stress hormone levels.