Biotransformation of HBCDs by the microbial communities enriched from mangrove sediments

1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are a sort of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This research investigated 12 microbial communities enriched from sediments of four mangroves in China to transform HBCDs. Six microbial communities gained high transformation rates (27.5-97.7%) after 12 generations of serial transfer. Bacteria were the main contributors to transform HBCDs rather than fungi. Analyses on the bacterial compositions and binning genomes showed that Alcanivorax (55.246-84.942%) harboring haloalkane dehalogenase genes dadAH and dadBH dominated the microbial communities with high transformation rates. Moreover, expressions of dadAH and dadBH in the microbial communities and Alcanivorax isolate could be induced by HBCDs. Further, it was found that purified proteins DadAH and DadBH showed high conversion rates on HBCDs in 36 h (91.9 ± 7.4 and 101.0 ± 1.8%, respectively). The engineered Escherichia coli BL21 strains harbored two genes could convert 5.7 ± 0.4 and 35.1 ± 0.1% HBCDs, respectively, lower than their cell-free crude extracts (61.2 ± 5.2 and 56.5 ± 8.7%, respectively). The diastereoisomer-specific transforming trend by both microbial communities and enzymes were γ- > α- > β-HBCD, differed from α- > β- > γ-HBCD by the Alcanivorax isolate. The identified transformation products indicated that HBCDs were dehalogenated via HBr elimination (dehydrobromination), hydrolytic and reductive debromination pathways in the enriched cultures. Two enzymes converted HBCDs via hydrolytic debromination. The present research provided theoretical bases for the biotransformation of HBCDs by microbial community and the bioremediation of HBCDs contamination in the environment.